PRONUNCIATION GUIDE                                                           X
English Sounds                                                                X
The following consonant symbols have their usual English values:              X
b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, z                                   X
                                                                              X
:                                                                            X
father  ('f:Th)                                                             X
alms    (:mz)                                                                X
heart   (h:t)                                                                X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
act     (kt)                                                                 X
Caedmon ('kdmn)                                                             X
plait   (plt)                                                                X
                                                                              X
a                                                                            X
dive    (dav)                                                                X
aisle   (al)                                                                 X
guy     (ga)                                                                 X
might   (mat)                                                                X
rye     (ra)                                                                 X
                                                                              X
a                                                                           X
fire    ('fa)                                                               X
buyer   ('ba)                                                               X
liar    ('la)                                                               X
tyre    ('ta)                                                               X
                                                                              X
a                                                                            X
out     (at)                                                                 X
bough   (ba)                                                                 X
crowd   (krad)                                                               X
slouch  (slatsh)                                                             X
                                                                              X
a                                                                           X
flour   ('fla)                                                              X
cower   ('ka)                                                               X
flower  ('fla)                                                              X
sour    ('sa)                                                               X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
bet     (bt)                                                                 X
ate     (t)                                                                  X
bury    (br)                                                                X
heifer  (hf)                                                                X
                                                                              X
e                                                                            X
paid    (ped)                                                                X
day     (de)                                                                 X
deign   (den)                                                                X
gauge   (gedzh)                                                              X
grey    (gre)                                                                X
neigh   (ne)                                                                 X
                                                                              X
                                                                            X
bear    (b)                                                                 X
dare    (d)                                                                 X
prayer  (pr)                                                                X
stairs  (stz)                                                               X
where   (w)                                                                 X
                                                                              X
g                                                                             X
get     (gt)                                                                 X
give    (gv)                                                                 X
ghoul   (gu:l)                                                                X
guard   (g:d)                                                                X
examine (g'zmn)                                                            X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
pretty  ('prt)                                                              X
build   (bld)                                                                X
busy    (bz)                                                                X
nymph   (nmf)                                                                X
pocket  ('pkt)                                                              X
sieve   (sv)                                                                 X
women   ('wmn)                                                              X
                                                                              X
i:                                                                            X
see     (si:)                                                                 X
aesthete        ('i:sthi:t)                                                   X
evil    ('i:vl)                                                              X
magazine        (mg'zi:n)                                                  X
receive (r'si:v)                                                             X
siege   (si:dzh)                                                              X
                                                                              X
                                                                            X
fear    (f)                                                                 X
beer    (b)                                                                 X
mere    (m)                                                                 X
tier    (t)                                                                 X
                                                                              X
j                                                                             X
yes     (js)                                                                 X
onion   ('njn)                                                              X
vignette        (v'njt)                                                     X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
pot     (pt)                                                                 X
botch   (btsh)                                                               X
sorry   ('sr)                                                               X
                                                                              X
                                                                            X
note    (nt)                                                                X
beau    (b)                                                                 X
dough   (d)                                                                 X
hoe     (h)                                                                 X
slow    (sl)                                                                X
yeoman  ('jmn)                                                             X
                                                                              X
:                                                                            X
thaw    (th:)                                                                X
broad   (br:d)                                                               X
drawer  ('dr:)                                                              X
fault   (f:t)                                                                X
halt    (h:t)                                                                X
organ   (':gn)                                                              X
                                                                              X
                                                                            X
void    (vd)                                                                X
boy     (b)                                                                 X
destroy (d'str)                                                            X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
pull    (pl)                                                                 X
good    (gd)                                                                 X
should  (shd)                                                                X
woman   ('wmn)                                                              X
                                                                              X
u:                                                                            X
zoo     (zu:)                                                                 X
do      (du:)                                                                 X
queue   (kju:)                                                                X
shoe    (shu:)                                                                X
spew    (spju:)                                                               X
true    (tru:)                                                                X
you     (ju:)                                                                 X
                                                                              X
                                                                            X
poor    (p)                                                                 X
skewer  ('skj)                                                              X
sure    (sh)                                                                X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
potter  ('pt)                                                               X
alone   ('ln)                                                              X
furious ('fjrs)                                                           X
nation  ('neshn)                                                            X
the     (Th)                                                                 X
                                                                              X
:                                                                            X
fern    (f:n)                                                                X
burn    (b:n)                                                                X
fir     (f:)                                                                 X
learn   (l:n)                                                                X
term    (t:m)                                                                X
worm    (w:m)                                                                X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
cut     (kt)                                                                 X
flood   (fld)                                                                X
rough   (rf)                                                                 X
son     (sn)                                                                 X
                                                                              X
sh                                                                            X
ship    (shp)                                                                X
election        ('lkshn)                                                   X
machine (m'shi:n)                                                            X
mission ('mshn)                                                             X
pressure        (prsh)                                                      X
schedule        ('shdju:l)                                                   X
sugar   ('shg)                                                              X
                                                                              X
zh                                                                            X
treasure        ('trzh)                                                     X
azure   ('zh)                                                               X
closure ('klzh)                                                            X
evasion ('vezhn)                                                           X
                                                                              X
tsh                                                                           X
chew    (tshu:)                                                               X
nature  ('netsh)                                                            X
                                                                              X
dzh                                                                           X
jaw     (dzh:)                                                               X
adjective       ('dzhktv)                                                  X
lodge   (ldzh)                                                               X
soldier      ('sldzh)                                                      X
                                                                              X
th                                                                            X
thin    (thn)                                                                X
strength        (strngth)                                                    X
three   (thri:)                                                               X
                                                                              X
Th                                                                            X
these   (Thi:z)                                                               X
bathe   (beTh)                                                               X
lather  ('l:Th)                                                             X
                                                                              X
ng                                                                            X
sing    (sng)                                                                X
finger  ('fng)                                                              X
sling   (slng)                                                               X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
indicates that the following consonant                                        X
(l or n) is syllabic                                                          X
bundle  (bndl)                                                              X
button  (btn)                                                               X
                                                                              X
x                                                                             X
Scottish loch   (lx)                                                         X
See also below.                                                               X
                                                                              X
                                                                            X
Scottish aye    ()                                                          X
bile    (bl)                                                                X
byke    (bk)                                                                X
                                                                              X
Foreign Sounds                                                                X
The symbols above are also used to represent foreign sounds where they are    X
similar to English sounds. However, certain common foreign sounds require     X
symbols with markedly different values, as follows:                           X
                                                                              X
a                                                                             X
a in French ami, German Mann, Italian pasta                                   X
a sound between English () and (:) similar to the vowel in Northern         X
English cat or London cut.                                                    X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
a in French bas                                                               X
a sound made with a tongue position similar to that of English (:)           X
but shorter.                                                                  X
                                                                              X
e                                                                             X
 in French t, eh in German sehr, e in Italian che                          X
a sound similar to the first part of the English diphthong (e) in day        X
or to the Scottish vowel in day.                                              X
                                                                              X
i                                                                             X
i in French il, German Idee, Spanish filo, Italian signor                     X
a sound made with a tongue position similar to that of English (i:),          X
but shorter.                                                                  X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
o in Italian no, French bonne, German Sonne                                   X
a vowel resembling English  but with a higher tongue position and            X
more rounding of the lips.                                                    X
                                                                              X
o                                                                             X
o in French rose, German so, Italian voce                                     X
a sound between English (:) and (u:) with closely rounded lips,              X
similar to the Scottish vowel in so.                                          X
                                                                              X
u                                                                             X
ou in French genou, u in German kulant, Spanish puna                          X
a sound made with a tongue position similar to that of English (u:),          X
but shorter.                                                                  X
                                                                              X
y                                                                             X
u in French tu,  in German ber or fnf                                      X
a sound made with a tongue position similar to that of English (i:),          X
but with closely rounded lips.                                                X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
eu in French deux,  in German schn                                          X
a sound made with a tongue position of English (e),                           X
but with closely rounded lips.                                                X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
oeu in French oeuf,  in German zwlf                                         X
a sound made with a tongue position similar to that of English (),           X
but with open rounded lips.                                                   X
                                                                              X
~                                                                             X
preceding a vowel indicates nasalization                                      X
French un (~oe), bon (b~), vin (v~), blanc (bl~).                          X
                                                                              X
x                                                                             X
ch in German Buch, j in Spanish Juan.                                         X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
ch in German ich                                                              X
a j sound as in yes said without voice, similar to the first sound in huge.   X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
b in Spanish Habana                                                           X
a voiced fricative sound similar to (v), but made by the two lips.            X
                                                                              X
ll                                                                            X
ll in Spanish llamar, gl in Italian consiglio                                 X
similar to the (lj) sequence in million,                                      X
but with the tongue tip lowered and the sounds said simultaneously.           X
                                                                              X
                                                                             X
u in French lui                                                               X
a short (y).                                                                  X
                                                                              X
gn                                                                            X
gn in French vigne, Italian gnocchi,  in Spanish Espaa                      X
similar to the (nj) sequence in onion,                                        X
but with the tongue tip lowered and the sounds said simultaneously.           X
                                                                              X
gg                                                                            X
g in Spanish luego                                                            X
a weak (g) made with voiced friction.                                         X
                                                                              X
Length                                                                        X
The symbol : denotes length and is shown with certain vowel symbols           X
when the vowels are typically long.                                           X
                                                                              X
Stress                                                                        X
Three grades of stress are shown in the transcriptions by the presence        X
or absence of marks placed immediately before the affected syllable.          X
Primary or strong stress is shown by an apostrophe ', while secondary         X
or weak stress is shown by a dot .                                           X
Unstressed syllables are not marked. In photographic (ft'grfk),         X
for example, the first syllable carries secondary stress and the              X
third primary stress, while the second and fourth are unstressed.             X

